Sustainable Supply Chain Management in Global Economic Systems: From Linear Models to Regenerative and Resilient Networks

Abstract

Global supply chains have become central to economic activity while generating substantial environmental degradation and social externalities. Sustainable supply chain management integrates environmental, social, and governance criteria into the design, operation, and governance of these networks. This review examines the transformation of supply chain practices, grounded in triple bottom line theory, stakeholder theory, and global value chain governance perspectives. Recognition of systemic impacts has driven shifts from linear take-make-dispose models to circular and regenerative approaches, from compliance-driven initiatives to proactive value creation, and from firm-centric management to multi-tier ecosystem governance. Specific technologies—including blockchain for traceability, artificial intelligence for optimization, and life-cycle assessment tools—enable more transparent and efficient sustainable practices. Applications in traceability systems, supplier development programs, and resilience strategies demonstrate measurable improvements in resource efficiency and risk reduction. Challenges of measurement complexity, cost distribution across tiers, greenwashing, and coordination failures persist. Prospects center on regulatory harmonization, circular business model innovation, and integration of sustainability into core competitive strategy. The analysis concludes that sustainable supply chain management represents not merely risk mitigation but a strategic reconfiguration of global economic systems toward long-term value creation that aligns profitability with planetary boundaries and social equity.