Research on the Punitive Damages System in Eco-Environmental Procuratorial Public Interest Litigation

Abstract

As an important judicial safeguard for eco-environmental governance, eco-environmental procuratorial public interest litigation relies on the punitive damages system as a key institutional design to strengthen penalties for environmental torts and prevent environmental harm. Although this system has been preliminarily established in China, its practical application faces dilemmas such as low adoption rates, prominent normative conflicts, and inconsistent discretion standards, which hinder the full realization of its punitive and preventive functions. Following a framework that proceeds from problem identification and theoretical discussion to practical analysis and proposed solutions, this study systematically examines pathways for improving the punitive damages system in eco-environmental procuratorial public interest litigation. Drawing on data from the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, typical cases, and comparative law experiences, the analysis covers five dimensions: problem statement, theoretical foundations, practical review, rule reconstruction, and institutional optimization. This research aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for resolving practical dilemmas and enhancing institutional efficacy, thereby contributing to the modernization of the eco-environmental governance system and capacity.